Of the 29 cases with deviations > 20 PD, 5 were mild hypermetropic with age at onset between 5 and 19 years, 16 were myopic, and 8 were emmetropic with age at onset > 12 years; 24 were surgically treated and 5 cases remained under observation; all 24 cases achieved normal retinal correspondence or fusion or stereopsis on postoperative day 1 in synoptophore; in 23 cases diplopia or visual confusion resolved postoperatively. 3. Found inside – Page 677Treatment of acute comitant esotropia in Chiari I malformation. Ophthalmology 106:2368–2371. Wessel, K., C. Moschner, K.P. Wandinger, D. Kompf, and W. Heide. ... I. DEFINITION OF SPASTICITY Spasticity is an imbalance of the IV. Summary ... 8,9,22,23 Another characteristic feature is a relatively low hyperopic refractive error; however, cycloplegic refractive errors of over +5 diopters were reported in two series. A common genetic mechanism is assumed to give rise to exotropia and esotropia since both entities of comitant strabismus share abnormal binocular vision as a phenotype. Partial facial paralysis following temporal artery biopsy Partial facial paralysis following temporal artery biopsy. The Worth Four Light Test, also known as the Worth's Four Dot test or W4LT, is a clinical test mainly used for assessing a patient's degree of binocular vision and binocular single vision. Burian HM, Miller JE. Non- Accommodative Convergent Squint 1. Mixed accommodative esotropia: It is caused by combination of hypermetropia and high AC/A ratio. 2014A020209031). In additional, in our study all 3 cases with neurological pathologies were associated with cerebellar diseases and 2 presented with nystagmus. [1-4] The prevalence is unknown and it has been infrequently reported in older children and adults. Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) is an unusual presentation of esotropia in older children and adults [ 1 ]. Its prevalence remains unknown, but it is generally considered rare [ 2 ]. Esotropia - Concomitant esotropia Concomitant esotropia – that is, an inward squint that does not vary with the direction of gaze – mostly sets in before 12 months of age (this constitutes 40% of all strabismus cases) or at the age of three or four. Younger children with AACE seem to demonstrate a common trait of mild hypermetropic refractive errors, while myopia can be seen in older children and adult patients. The term is derived from 2 Greek words: ésò, meaning inward, and trépò, meaning turn. Sensory esotropia: A person with this condition suffers from reduced visual acuity in one eye, which hinders or disrupts the process of fusion in normal binocular vision (binocular vision is the coordination of both eyes so that the separate and slightly dissimilar images seen by each eye are appreciated as a single image). Of the 18 cases with deviations ⤠20 PD, 16 presented with diplopia at distance and fusion at near vision at the onset of deviation; differences between distance and near deviations were < 8 PD; all cases except one were treated with prism and diplopia resolved. Late onset esotropia in monozygous twins. Background. Patients and Methods: 24 consecutive patients (13 females) with acquired comitant non-accommodative esotropia underwent strabismus surgery. Cerebellopontine angle tumors were present in 2 cases and 1 patient experienced spinocerebellar ataxia. The follow-up period was 1.8 ± 0.9 years (range: 0.5â4.0 years). The NFV can no longer compensate for the esophoria. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 800-638-3030 (within USA), 301-223-2300 (international)
Esotropia (ET) is a form of strabismus in which the eyes are ‘turned in’ with respect to one another. Effective communication plays an important role in all medical settings, so turn to this trusted volume for nearly any medical abbreviation you might encounter. Symbols section makes it easier to locate unusual or seldom-used symbols. Bielschowsky claimed that uncorrected myopia played a role in the etiology of this form of strabismus. Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) can be This book provides a core revision resource for candidates sitting part 2 of the FRCOphth and other UK and international qualifying exams such as the FRCS, MRCS, FAMS and FRANZCO. The significance of such classifications include the potential to: (1) distinguish some of the clinical characteristics and therapeutic approaches that could be utilized within each of the 2 groups and (2) the possibility of isolating those patients with relatively small angle deviations, which should enable for more attention to be directed toward this type of deviation which tends to be ignored or misdiagnosed in the clinic. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0, where it is permissible to download, share and reproduce the work in any medium, provided it is properly cited. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. Found inside – Page 323The condition may be divided roughly into two types : ( 1 ) comitant , in which there is no paralysis of any ocular muscle , and ( 2 ) noncomitant in which one or more muscles are ... Esotropia refers to inward deviation of the eyes ... In a child presenting with sudden onset comitant esotropia a reason needs to be sought for loss of fusion at an age when binocular function is usually stable. It occurs when your eyes tend to … You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. New methods had to be learnt, with concomitant delays in production. Acquired comitant esotropia can be produced by structural lesions localised to the posterior fossa such as cerebellar vermal tumours or Arnold Chiari malformations. 8. The term is derived from 2 Greek words: ésò, meaning inward, and trépò, meaning turn. 1. AACE = acute acquired concomitant esotropia. Esotropia is a form of strabismus (eye misalignment) characterized by an inwards turn of one or both eyes [See figure 1]. In this report, we present 47 cases with AACE, describe its clinical characteristics and management, and discuss its classification as well as its relationship with neurologic diseases. Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyesIn comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. -, Clark AC, Nelson LB, Simon JW, et al. comitance Found inside... 15-18 Bithermal calorics , 164 Blindness congenital , 75 cortical , 177 hysterical , 170 legal definition of , 12 and ... 45 of iris , 45 Comitant esotropia ( see Acquired concomitant esotropia , Congential concomitant esotropia ... Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:376–8. The patient has esodeviation before the age of … https://www.thefreedictionary.com/comitant. Program within @mayoclinicgradschool is currently accepting applications! http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, Received in revised form October 29, 2015. Please try again soon. Abstract. Strabismus refers to a misalignment of the eyes. (kom'i-tănt stră-biz'mŭs) A condition in which the degree of strabismus is the same in all directions of gaze. Please try after some time. 2015 Sep;93(6):568-74. doi: 10.1111/aos.12730. poverty and its concomitant social problems. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. These records were derived from cases seen from October 2010 to November 2014 at the Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Services of the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-Sen University. Now in full colour throughout, with additional diagrams and photographs of surgical techniques, this remains the key reference text for orthoptic and ophthalmic professionals managing patients with eye movement disorders. Mean age at onset was 26.6 ± 12.2 years. 13. a tendency for the eyes to be out of alignment - needs to be brought out by stress. to the Second Edition here have been significant changes in pediatric Chapter 56 by Maya Eibschitz-Tsimhoni, MD, is a T ophthalmology and strabismus since the first wonderful contribution to the literature, as it reviews edition. As a student, you'll join a national destination for research training! If strabismus develops in adults, it can cause diplopia (double vision) and visual confusion (seeing different objects in the same location), and it is an important cause of amblyopia in children. Savino G, Colucci D, Rebecchi MT, et al. Strabismus (n.). In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. "This is a marvelous book, which provides comprehensive coverage of the field. Comitanet.com has server used 51.81.178.121 (United Kingdom) ping response time Hosted in Register Domain Names at PDR Ltd. d/b/a PublicDomainRegistry.com. Found inside – Page 12163. Waardenburg PJ. Squint and heredity. Doc Ophthalmol 1954;7-8:422–94. 4. Costenbader F. Infantile esotropia. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1970;59:397–429. 5. Raab EL. Comitant Esotropia. In: Wilson EM, Sounders RA, Trivedi RH, editors. Acquired nonaccommodative esotropia in childhood. It is a type of heterophoria.. Early-onset esotropia presents before 6 months of age. Found inside – Page 86Although the original definition of IIH stipulates that radiographic studies must be normal, minor abnormalities ... She had a comitant esophoria that broke down easily to an esotropia but no ductional deficit and no saccadic slowing. Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. These results suggest that the cerebellum, as a part of extrapyramidal system, may play an important role in maintaining normal ocular alignment. 1. Editors Leonard A. Levin and Daniel M. Albert—two of the world’s leading ophthalmic clinician-scientists—have recruited as contributors the most expert and experienced authorities available in each of the major areas of ophthalmic ... The concept of sensory testing of strabismic patients in casual seeing condition should be introduced also into binocular perimetry. Cycloplegic refraction was performed after administration of 1% atropine ointment once daily for 3 days in patients under 7 years old and 1 % cyclopentolate eye drops every 5 min for 3 times for those >7 years old. Strabismus is the pathological misalignment of the eyes and affects up to 4% of the population. Diplopia or visual confusion resolved in 40 cases following prism or surgical treatment. This book is designed to be concise with a consistent format so that the clinician can focus on a specific area. This edition has had major modifications and embraces evidence-based medicine. Neurological examinations were performed and comprehensive medical histories were taken for cases with intermittent esotropia or variable deviations to rule out cyclic esotropia and myasthenia gravis. The role of botulinum toxin A in acute-onset esotropia. Found insideDefinition. Classification. The subject of this book being the manifest forms of convergent comitant strabismus (esotropia), with the exclusion of the latent forms (esophoria), we can define our topic as the study of the different ... Infantile esotropia Accommodative esotropia Sensory esotropia Acquired late esotropia Intermittent exotropia Pattern strabismus Monofixation syndrome Accommodative esotropia, or refractive esotropia, refers to eye crossing that is caused by the focusing efforts of the eyes as they try to see clearly (= around 2 to 3 y-o). True or False: Comitant strabismus is the most common type and involves full range of movement in each eye True (full EOM range monocularly, ET or XP under binocular conditions) Comitant strabismus is characterized by mainly ___________ deviations There was no significant difference in binocularity detected by either synoptophore or TNO stereoscopic testing among different disease durations. The patients were divided into 3 groups: < 10 year-old (n = 6, 8.7%), 10-18 year-old (n = 23, 33.3%), and â¥18 year-old (n = 40, 58.0%). Eds AL Rosenbaum, AP … US Preventive Services Task Force. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). This study was aimed to study the clinical features and the differences between children and adult patients with AACE in the Chinese populations.This was a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with AACE over 4 years; 69 patients (25 females and 44 males) were identified. a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turns inward. Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, December 2015 - Volume 94 - Issue 51 - p e2273, Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropia: Clinical features, Classification, and Etiology, Articles in PubMed by Jingchang Chen, MD, PhD, Articles in Google Scholar by Jingchang Chen, MD, PhD, Other articles in this journal by Jingchang Chen, MD, PhD. Deviation is constant or intermittent. AIM:To evaluate the differences in the functional connectivity (FC) of the primary visual cortex (V1) between the youth comitant exotropia (CE) patients and health subjects using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. 2020 Nov 25;20(1):464. doi: 10.1186/s12886-020-01739-9. A templated format expedites access to the guidance you need to diagnose the most common conditions related to pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus - from simple to complex - encountered in practice. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Epub 2015 May 20. Incomitant or Noncomitant squint • A non comitant or incomitant squint is one in which the eyes move in an in-coordinated manner so that • 1. However, acute comitant esotropia has also been reported in patients with intracranial diseases including hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformations, and central nervous system tumours. This third edition expands on the success of the best-selling second edition to create the most practical and accessible ophthalmology manual for trainees. The risk of having neurological disease in isolated AACE is not clear, because many previously published cases had other neurological or ophthalmological abnormalities. 1, 2 Lyons CJ, Tiffin PA, Oystreck D. Acute acquired comitant esotropia: a prospective study. 11. Found inside – Page 162AND PATRICK J. M. LAVIN ABSTRACT Divergence insufficiency is characterized by acquired, comitant, uncrossed diplopia ... but not near; (2) a comitant esotropia at distance; (3) full ductions; (4) normal abducting saccades, with no signs ... Comitant Esotropia. [email protected]. Clinical Features of Cases With Deviations ⤠20 PD (n = 18), Clinical Features of Cases With Deviations >20 PD (n = 29). Br J Ophthalmol 1993;77:189â91. Of these 18 cases, none had a family history of strabismus; 1 case resulted following 24 h of driving; 1 case who presented with esodeviation accompanied by nystagmus and poor coordination of gait and was subsequently diagnosed as spinocerebellar ataxia as revealed from genetic testing; 1 case had a history of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer 8 years prior; 14 cases had diplopia at distance but single vision at near vision; 2 cases initially had distance diplopia and later developed near diplopia; 2 cases had both distance and near diplopia at onset; 17 cases were myopic (â0.75 to â9.75D) and 1 case was emmetropic; 15 cases with myopia were using refractive corrections at presentation; in the synoptophore, all 18 cases showed preoperative normal retinal correspondence and stereopsis; brain and orbital imaging were not remarkable; the duration between onset and treatment ranged from 2 weeks to 10 years; diplopia resolved after being corrected with bilateral base out prisms of 2 to 7 PD in all but the one case of spinocerebellar ataxia. Correspondence: Jianhua Yan, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 Xian Lie Nan Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (e-mail: [email protected]). third nerve paresis and Duane’s syndrome, or mechanical causes, such as tumors or trauma (see Chapters 82 and 83).. All registration fields are required. Acute acquired comitant esotropia of childhood: a classification based on 48 children. • Definition: an esotropia that was previously maintained as an esophoria by negative fusional vergence. Comitant strabismus is a common condition affecting infants, children and adults. In the present study, of the 18 cases with deviations ⤠20 PD, 16 experienced diplopia for distance and fusion for near vision at onset, which encompasses some features of the Bielschowsky type. 2. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. years, The patient has esodeviation before the age of 6 months. Abstract. Acute acquired comitant esotropia. Coexisting or underlying neurological diseases were infrequent in AACE. 12. In esotropia, the eyes are crossed; that is, while one eye looks straight ahead, the other eye is turned in toward the nose. (medscape.com)To report four patients with isolated comitant esotropia and Chiari I malformation and discuss the most appropriate management. Accommodative esotropia develops in children under age two who cross their eyes when focusing on objects nearby. Acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) is a rare, distinct subtype of esotropia. Found inside – Page 88By definition , the deviation is unaffected . Visual acuity is not affected in alternating esotropia , but it usually comitant , ie , the angle of deviation is approximately the same in all directions becomes reduced in the deviating ... Deletions and duplications greater than 10 kb were included. Disease. Esotropia is an eye misalignment in which one eye is deviated inward, or nasally. The deviation may be constant or intermittent. The deviating eye may always be the same eye or may alternate between the two eyes. most often associated with adult patients 30 years and older, is characterized by an esodeviation greater at distance than near. A visual defect in which the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions. Therefore a series of experiments is presented in which patients … Found inside – Page 809Hoyt C, Good W. Acute onset comitant esotropia: when is it a sign of serious neurological disease? ... JAAPOS 2005; 9: 533–6. eye movements Part 3 Exotropias DEFINITION CAUSE EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL FEATURES. associate. Esotropia is an inward deviation (convergence) of the eyes. iii. Occurring or existing concurrently; attendant: One that occurs or exists concurrently with another. your express consent. Found inside – Page 7Differences between comitant esotropia and comitant exotropia These two conditions have a different time course ... The onset of exodeviations is quite early yet , it is improper to define this condition as congenital , as none of these ... Introduction. Spierer A. BMC Ophthalmol. PMC Found inside – Page 437... 9 , 12i coloboma of , 348 congenital abnormalities of , 350 definition of , 427 embryology of , 28 hemangioma of ... 71 Comitant deviation , 31 Comitant esotropia ( nonparetic / nonparalytic esotropia ) , 242 , 242-243 Comma vessels ... This domain has been created 5 years, 16 days ago, remaining 348 days. Patients and Methods: 24 consecutive patients (13 females) with acquired comitant non-accommodative esotropia underwent strabismus surgery. Semin Ophthalmol. Patients who met the following criteria were included in this study: (1) concomitant esotropia with acute onset (deviation in all directions of gaze differing by â¤2 prism diopters when primary deviations were ⤠20 prism diopters and by â¤5 prism diopters when primary deviations were >20 prism diopters), (2) patients experiencing diplopia or visual confusion, and (3) best corrected visual acuity of not <0.5 in each eye. Isolated Comitant Esotropia and Chiari I Malformation VALE´RIE BIOUSSE, MD, NANCY J. NEWMAN, MD, SCOTT H. PETERMANN, MD, AND SCOTT R. LAMBERT, MD C PURPOSE: To report four patients with isolated comi- HIARI MALFORMATIONS REPRESENT A CONTINUUM tant esotropia and Chiari I malformation and discuss the of hindbrain maldevelopments … JC and DD equally contributed to this study. No abstract text is available yet for this article. Found inside – Page 433Childhood strabismus Typically, no diplopia and longstanding history of comitant esotropia with no abductional deficit. Myasthenia gravis May mimic any ocular motor cranial neuropathy including sixth nerve palsy. Clinical features of cases with deviations > 20 PD are summarized in Table 2. Composite 9-gaze photograph of an AACE patient with a relatively small angle. Deviation size was assessed using prism and alternate cover tests in the cardinal position gazes with refractive correction. -. Malbran and Norbis [] described siblings that developed acute comitant esotropiaatages years.Althoughpatienthadapartially accommodativecomponent,allultimatelyrequiredsurgery. The duration from onset to treatment of esotropia does not affect the preoperative binocularity. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Cause. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. The most common comitant type in children is intermittent exotropia, and there are other comitant … Charts of patients diagnosed with AACE were reviewed. BMC Ophthalmol. You can check the 12 Websites and blacklist ip address on this server. The angle of deviation varies in different direction of gaze • 2. types of acute comitant esotropia bielschowsky type moderate myopia divergence insufficiency . Hoyt CS, Good WV. Acute acquired concomitant esotropia is reported to occur typically in patients with unilateral vision loss (Swan type), mild hyperopia (in association with physical or … Abbreviations: AACE = acute acquired concomitant esotropia, D = diopter, LE = left eye, PD = prism diopter, RE = right eye. The cause of an esotropia depends on when it first occurs. Definition of strabismus in English English dictionary. esotropia can be found in the literature dating back over the past 100years,-8 it is the paperofBurian andMiller that is generally accepted to be the pivotal work in this area.9 Inreviewingtheliterature andtheirownexperience, these twoauthors presented a thesis that acute onset con-comitant esotropia could be separated into three distinct Esotropia is greater for near than that for distance (minimal or no deviation for distance). Moreover, of these 18 cases the difference between distance and near deviation was < 8 PD and the divergence motor fusion was normal in synoptophore, suggesting that the diagnosis of divergence paralysis may be excluded. Abstract. Comprehensive medical histories, ophthalmologic, and orthoptic examinations were performed on all patients. A defect of vision in which one eye cannot focus with the other on an object because of imbalance of the eye muscles; a squint. Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of acute acquired Comitant Esotropia. However, coexisting or underlying neurological pathologies were present in 6.4% of the AACE cases in this study. Evaluation and Management of Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia in Children. Esotropia and exotropia are common forms of comitant strabismus that affect 2-4% of the population. This manual is collection of the mnemonics I made, found in books or internet when studying for the Final MD exam and Senior Residency Entrance Exam in ophthalmology. Divergence insufficiency esotropia, or acquired comitant esotropia that is at least 10Δ larger at distance than at near, is most often seen in older adults, and may also be known as "age-related distance esotropia." 800-638-3030 (within USA), 301-223-2300 (international). Acute onset concomitant esotropia: sensorial evaluation, prism adaptation test, and surgery planning. 1–4,6 Some reports describe AACE as being an acute-onset condition confined to children ≥ 5 years of age, which might be one of the primary features that … Results Type 3 AACE (Group C) was the most frequent cause of diplopia among the groups (35.4%). Incomitant Surgical treatment is often indicated for patients who do not tolerate prism therapy, or for those with large angles of esotropia. Acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE), or acute late-onset concomitant esotropia, are generally agreed to be characterized by a sudden onset of concomitant esotropia with diplopia after infancy or in older children and adults. Comitant esotropia 7. Found inside – Page 417... 250 Acuity meters, false-positive readings with, 19 Acute acquired comitant esotropia, 234 Acute dacryocystitis, ... 224 in congenital esotropia, 231 “critical” or “sensitive” period for, 224 definition of, 224–228 detecting, 225, ... A sensorimotor anomaly of the binocular visual system in which the foveal line of sight of one eye deviates inward and fails to intersect the object of fixation. The material in this book is derived from a two-day course on eye movements held in The Netherlands in 1986. In a previous report, age-related distance esotropia was proposed as a new subcategory. Hypermetropia means that a high amount of accommodation (with a proportionate amount of convergence) is required to focus even on a distant target ... Comitant ET (Measure distance & near as an estimation of AC / A. A critical review is made of the literature on binocular perimetry in strabismus. Comitant Esotropia: There are two types that are very important to recognize in comitant esotropia: Congenital esotropia, this type is characterized by : Large angle esodeviation, the patient is born with a 40-50 PD or even larger angle. Esotropia is the most common type of strabismus in infants. Beginning with a detailed overview of clinical strabismus, the text goes on to discuss the recent advances and techniques in strabismus surgery. Ann Ophthalmol 1985;17:777â8. Consistent with previous studies,10,12 we suggest that a neurological and /or neuroradiological investigation are warranted for AACE under conditions where neurological findings (such as headache, papilloedema, clumsiness, poor motor coordination, etc), or nystagmus are present. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of surgery following prism adaptation test versus surgery alone in acute acquired comitant esotropia. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. H50.00 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. Among the 29 cases with > 20 PD deviation, that showed some characteristics of the Franceschetti type, 5 cases involved mild hypermetropic with age at onset ranging from 5 to 19 years; 8 cases were emmetropic and 16 cases were myopic with age of onset > 12 years. Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia: Etiology, Clinical Course, and Management. n. A visual defect in which one eye cannot focus with the other on an object because of imbalance of the eye muscles. The emphasis of this book is not on the nuts and bolts of how to perform strabismus surgery, but rather on what, why, and when to do it. A misalignment of the eyes in which one or both may turn in, out, up, or down. may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed
Our Ph.D. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. Chen, Jingchang MD, PhD; Deng, Daming MD; Sun, Yuan MD, PhD; Shen, Tao MD, PhD; Cao, Guobin MD; Yan, Jianhua MD, PhD; Chen, Qiwen MB; Ye, Xuelian MB. Careers. This esotropia, more frequently associated with adult patients 30 years of age or older, is characterized by a greater esodeviation in distance than in the near. The American Journal of Ophthalmology is a peer-reviewed, scientific publication that welcomes the submission of original, previously unpublished manuscripts directed to ophthalmologists and visual science specialists describing clinical investigations, clinical observations, and clinically relevant laboratory investigations. Acute concomitant esotropia of adulthood. This practical guide will promote understanding and update and guide the novice and the expert to improve the flow of the examination and treatment outcome. • If acute onset of esotropia is comitant, its cause is generally believed to be benign. As the suspension of normal fusion was the underlying cause of sensory strabismus, we propose that the Swan type of AACE should be integrated into a category of sensory esotropia. Pediatric Neuroophthalmology details the diagnostic criteria, current concepts of pathogenesis, neuroradiological correlates, and clinical management of a large group of neuroophthalmic disorders that present in childhood. All participants underwent a complete medical history, ophthalmologic and orthoptic examinations, and brain and orbital imaging. Found inside – Page 363... see Microtropia Mononucleosis convergence insufficiency with , 157 exotropia after , 260 paresis of accommodation ... 15-16 comitant esotropia with , 235 congenital , 11 , 182 definition of , 5 dissociated vertical deviation with ...
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