May 4, 2020), https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/05/04/18-10341.pdf. See Vasudha Talla, “Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data from Local Police for Deportations,” American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY, March 13, 2019, https://www.aclu.org/blog/immigrants-rights/ice-and-border-patrol-abuses/documents-reveal-ice-using-driver-location-data. Rev. Service Area 3 - Cherokee, Clay, Dickinson, Emmet, Ida, Lyon, Monona, O'Brien, Osceola, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Sioux, Woodbury counties. See, e.g., Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Cal. §§ 12-12-1803 (prohibiting use of ALPRs by individuals, partnerships, corporations, associations, or state agencies, and limits use by law enforcement); Neb. This may explain why at least 16 states have passed laws regulating the use of ALPRs or the use of data collected by the devices. With public agencies seeking to collect ALPR data for uses such as toll collection or environmental analysis, there are concerns that the information being collected may be intentionally or unintentionally shared with law enforcement agencies. “Automated License Plate Readers: State Statutes,” National Conference of State Legislatures, Washington, DC, updated June 23, 2020, https://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/state-statutes-regulating-the-use-of-automated-license-plate-readers-alpr-or-alpr-data.aspx. 38 See Knotts, 460 U.S. at 283–84. 3 §§ 60-3206 (requiring any state agency using ALPRs to adopt and post a privacy policy); Mont. Petition for Appeal, Neal v. Fairfax County Police Department, 4. See, e.g., Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Cal. This ruling now compels defendants in the Ninth Circuit to prove that they had a sufficiently close relationship with the property that was searched before the court will address their Fourth Amendment rights. footnote43_8uxs4g2 Rev. Take A Sneak Peak At The Movies Coming Out This Week (8/12) See All the Announcements from Disney+ Day! Similarly, ALPRs automatically collect information about every car that passes within their range. Roberts and Casanova, Automated License Plate Recognition Systems, 10. Markowitz, “Pay This Fee, or Go to Jail.”. Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2218. 1 A second officer identified the plaintiff’s car, but did not attempt to confirm whether the radioed license plate number matched the plates on the plaintiff’s car. Law enforcement agencies may look to automate this process by using ALPR devices to alert officers any time an out-of-state license crosses into their localities. Location tracking via ALPR databases raises many of the same concerns outlined in Carpenter; an application of its framework should lead courts to conclude that police must first obtain a warrant before searching historical location information from ALPR databases. The court acknowledged that “with enough cameras in enough locations, the historic location data from an ALPR system in Massachusetts would invade a reasonable expectation of privacy and constitute a search for constitutional purposes.” See Petition for Appeal, Neal v. Fairfax County Police Department, Case No. footnote37_imnstad State law may provide additional protections that go further than the guarantees of the Fourth Amendment. 2 See, e.g., Dave Maass and Beryl Lipton, “Data Driven: Explore How Cops Are Collecting and Sharing Our Travel Patterns Using Automated License Plate Readers,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, San Francisco, CA, November 15, 2018. footnote33_hhi7m4o After this, the craft spent years visiting Jupiter's moons and delving into their structures and properties. This book attempts to convey the creativity, leadership, and vision that were necessary for the mission's success. 33 25 Civ. It reasoned that the “depth, breadth, and comprehensive reach” of this data, along with “the inescapable and automatic nature of its collection” by virtue of simply carrying a cell phone, necessitate a warrant supported by probable cause. Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2216. Automatic license plate readers use a combination of cameras and computer software to indiscriminately scan the license plates of every car passing by. These regulations highlight many of the concerns around ALPRs listed below and predict many of the recommendations that follow. See Department of Homeland Security, “Privacy Impact Assessment for CBP License Plate Reader Technology,” Washington, DC, July 6, 2020, 8, https://www.dhs.gov/publication/dhscbppia-049-cbp-license-plate-reader-technology (“The only way to opt out of such surveillance is to avoid the impacted area, which may pose significant hardships and be generally unrealistic”). Pleasanton PD Disp 1 and Channels 2-7 Livermore PD (Encrypted-Unscannable) Status: As of March, 2021, Livermore PD has gone encrypted and sadly is no longer able to be monitored. Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2213 (2018) (quoting Camara v. Municipal Court of City and County of San Francisco, 387 U.S. 523, 528 (1967)). 99. An officer radioed in a description of the plaintiff’s vehicle, along with the incorrect license plate number picked up by the ALPR device. Green v. City and County of San Francisco, 751 F.3d 1039, 1045 (9th Cir. To be sure, license plate readers have had some high-profile successes: a man accused of stabbing several people after breaking into a rabbi’s home during a Hanukkah celebration was found in part due to an alert from an ALPR device; a Tennessee girl abducted by her noncustodial father was recovered when a license plate camera spotted his car; and police were able to use information from a license plate reader to help halt a string of random shootings on highways in Kansas City, Missouri. In fact, the vast majority of scans capture information about drivers who are not suspected of any wrongdoing. See, e.g., Katie Schoolov, “As Protests over the Killing of George Floyd Continue, Here’s How Police Use Powerful Surveillance Tech to Track Them,” CNBC, June 18, 2020, See Haixia Wang, “41 Percent of Americans Say First Trip Will Be by Car within 100 Miles: Skift Research Travel Tracker,”, Prashant Gopal and Brian K. Sullivan, “Rhode Island Police to Hunt Down New Yorkers Seeking Refuge,”. The Imagineers of War is a compelling and groundbreaking history in which science, technology, and politics collide. Cars connect people with work, love, school, prayer, and protest. footnote25_nd3la75 Next, it outlines a series of concerns, ranging from high error rates to the impact on civil liberties and civil rights. footnote30_tbggfls Courts should consider this foreseeable future when confronted with nascent uses of ALPR that appear smaller in scale. UPDATE: Pedestrian Identified from Fatal Crash on NE Portland Hwy - 10/15/21. Although there is an important discussion and analysis to be had regarding non–law enforcement applications, such as ALPR use to help institute congestion pricing or to automate toll collection, they are outside the scope of this report. This book provides a state-of-the-art look at the applied biomechanics of accidental injury and prevention. The editors, Drs. Rev. If you are looking for police scanner ten codes for the state of California, youâve come to the right place. The registered owners of vehicles tracked and logged by these private devices will not receive notice or an opportunity to object to data sharing arrangements between police and private individuals. Some prohibit the use of ALPRs except for limited public safety purposes, whereas others establish controls governing their use, including mandatory privacy policies, limits on data retention, express limits on the types of investigations in which they can be used, and mandatory audits. While companies may maintain privacy policies that explain the situations in which they share information with law enforcement, the policy only covers the company and the person who purchased the devices. 1980). Sadie Gurman, “AP: Across US, Police Officers Abuse Confidential Databases,” Associated Press, September 27, 2016, Gurman, “Police Officers Abuse Confidential Databases.”, See, e.g., Cyrus Farivar, “FBI Really Doesn’t Want Anyone to Know About 'Stingray' Use by Local Cops,”, Adam Goldman and Matt Apuzzo, “NYPD Defends Tactics over Mosque Spying; Records Reveal New Details on Muslim Surveillance,”. footnote20_nf5mfg2 See, e.g., “Privacy Policy for Flock Safety,” Flock Safety Group, Inc. (website), Atlanta, GA, updated February 22, 2017, https://www.flocksafety.com/legal/privacy-policy (“We may also access, use, preserve and/or disclose your personal information or Recordings to law enforcement authorities, government officials, and/or third parties, if legally required to do so or if we have a good faith belief that such access, use, preservation or disclosure is reasonably necessary to: (a) comply with a legal process or request; (b) enforce our Terms of Service, including investigation of any potential violation thereof; (c) detect, prevent or otherwise address security, fraud or technical issues; or (d) protect the rights, property or safety of Flock, its users, a third party, or the public as required or permitted by law.”). COLBERT, Wash. Traffic Stop On Highway 115 Leads To Impaired Driving, Speeding Charges. Get all of Hollywood.com's best Movies lists, news, and more. Live police & fire scanner. at 506. footnote3_86mr3ck The Carpenter Court found that while this doctrine is appropriate for limited disclosures such as bank records or a log of dialed telephone numbers, it should not apply to CSLI data, which can provide a “chronicle of a person’s physical presence compiled every day, every moment, over several years.” Found inside â Page 32... begin on Livermore's 20 - beam Shiva Jun p26 Saturable absorbers for CO , fusion laser , by Joseph S. Ladish and Stephen J. Czuchlewski Jun p57 British police fear terrorists have laser - aimed rifle May p46 Laser interferometry for ... See United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 443 (1976) (“The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the obtaining of information revealed to a third party and conveyed by him to Government authorities, even if the information is revealed on the assumption that it will be used only for a limited purpose and the confidence placed in the third party will not be betrayed”). See United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 443 (1976) (“The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the obtaining of information revealed to a third party and conveyed by him to Government authorities, even if the information is revealed on the assumption that it will be used only for a limited purpose and the confidence placed in the third party will not be betrayed”). Although the Supreme Court has not yet addressed whether police access to historical ALPR data requires a warrant, appeals courts have begun hearing challenges to warrantless ALPR database searches. District 1 headquartered in Ames covers Boone, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Hardin, Jasper, Marshall, Polk, Poweshiek, Story, Tama, and Webster counties, District 2 headquarted in Mason City covers Allamakee, Black Hawk, Bremer, Butler, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clayton, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Hancock, Howard, Humboldt, Kossuth, Mitchell, Winnebago, Winneshiek, Worth, and Wright counties. Shamas and Arastu, Mapping Muslims, 4. Similarly, public agencies that collect and store ALPR data for non–law enforcement purposes may hold onto a dataset that proves alluring for police departments. 2 footnote18_khjj2gl Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2219–20. May 4, 2020). 36 Eric Markowitz, “Pay This Fee, or Go to Jail: How License Plate Scanner Vigilant Solutions Makes [sic] Money in Texas,” International Business Times, February 3, 2016, http://www.ibtimes.com/pay-fee-or-go-jail-how-license-plate-scanner-vigilant-solutions-makes-money-texas-2290835. We sell Kenwood, and Motorola radios. See Vasudha Talla, “Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data from Local Police for Deportations,” American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY, March 13, 2019. Department of Homeland Security, “Privacy Impact Assessment for CBP License Plate Reader Technology,” 6. Crash Between Car, Big Rig Kills 2 Juveniles, 1 Adult In Livermore December 22, 2020 at 11:33 am Filed Under: Big Rig Crash , Fatal crash , Las Positas Road , Livermore , Semi-Truck Four people died in a car crash east of Templeton on Neal Springs Road in San Luis Obispo County, California. See Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740 (1979) (quoting Katz, 389 U.S. at 361). These studies address the technical means and procedures for establishing transparency in nuclear warheads and materials in the nuclear weapons states. Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2214. This updated and revised edition outlines strategies and models for how to use technology and knowledge to improve performance, create jobs and increase income. Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act, VA Code Ann. This act requires, among other things, that information not be collected unless the need for it has been clearly established ahead of its collection — a standard that indiscriminate collection of ALPR data cannot meet. The focus of this report is law enforcement use of ALPR. 13 If the trial court’s ruling is upheld, the Fairfax County Police will be required to purge ALPR data that is not linked to a criminal investigation and to stop using ALPRs to passively collect data on people who are not suspected of criminal activity. Graveside service will be held Monday, August 4th, at11am at Forest City Cemetery, South Portland. The Carpenter Court also reasoned that individuals do not truly voluntarily share their location data with wireless carriers; instead, the data is automatically collected simply by possessing a cell phone — a device the Court described as “indispensable to participation in modern society” — and by connecting to a mobile network. Service Area 6 - Allamakee, Benton, Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Clayton, Delaware, Dubuque, Fayette, Grundy, Howard, Jones, Linn, Winneshiek counties. 662 (2013) (holding that an ALPR alert indicating that a car’s registered owner had an outstanding warrant gave officers reasonable suspicion to justify a traffic stop); see also Hill v. State, 321 Ga. App. 2011) (Flaum, J., concurring)). footnote39_ft3c1xz This approach seeks to protect the “privacies of life” from “arbitrary power,” and to “place obstacles in the way of a too permeating police surveillance.” Some versions can also snap pictures of a vehicle’s occupants and create unique vehicle IDs. App. Stat. McCarthy, 484 Mass. Found insideHe was just past the exit for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, on his way to Altamont Pass, where, his police scanner informed him, there was a need for a coroner's wagon. Lance assumed he wouldn't find any human parts for ... Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2214 (quoting Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616, 630 (1886); and United States v. Di Re, 332 U.S. 581, 595 (1948)). When police officers solicit data from private ALPR systems, the decision to share information is up to the individual homeowner or the private company providing the service. This is a book about a team of scientists and psychics with top secret clearances. While it may well solve serious crimes and even help ease the traffic along your morning commute, it could also enable far more sinister and dangerous intrusions into our lives. This is closed-circuit television on steroids. Found inside â Page 130ATLANTIA COMMUNICATIONS , 4676 Livermore , Las Vegas , NV 89121 FREE Flyer ! Electronic components . IC's . LED s . etc. ... POLICE scanner owners attention : Police 10 code , fire department code . Send $ 4.00 . 43 Similar themes run through the Court’s decision in Carpenter v. U.S. (2018), which holds that police must get a warrant before they can obtain historical information from cell phone providers about the location of individuals’ mobile phones (known as cell-site location information, or CSLI). 19 footnote3_luajo8u Nonetheless, the current adoption rate of ALPRs suggests that this technology will continue to expand its coverage areas. Catherine Crump, You Are Being Tracked: How License Plate Readers Are Being Used to Record Americans’ Movements, American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY, July 2013, 4, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/071613-aclu-alprreport-opt-v05.pdf; see also Dustin Slaughter, “Philly Police Admit They Disguised a Spy Truck as a Google Streetview Car,” Vice, May 12, 2016, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kb77dm/philly-police-admit-they-disguised-a-spy-truck-as-a-google-streetview-car; Sam Biddle, “Hacked Border Surveillance Firm Wants to Profile Drivers, Passengers, and Their ‘Likely Trip Purpose’ in New York City,” Intercept, July 9, 2019, https://theintercept.com/2019/07/09/surveillance-perceptics-new-york-city-drivers; and Lily Hay Newman, “New Traffic-Enforcement Tech Peers into Your Car and Counts Passengers,” Slate, April 28, 2015, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/04/28/automated_vehicle_occupancy_detection_looks_in_cars_counts_passengers_records.html. ALPRs could prove valuable in police investigations and for non–law enforcement uses like helping government agencies to reduce traffic and curb environmental pollution. A person’s phone is constantly creating records simply by being powered on and connecting to the network. at 508–9. Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2218–19 (quoting Kyllo, 533 U.S. at 36). 17 Auditor of the State of California, Automated License Plate Readers, 18. See Alice Speri, “New York Gang Database Expanded by 70 Percent Under Mayor Bill de Blasio,” Intercept, June 11, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/06/11/new-york-gang-database-expanded-by-70-percent-under-mayor-bill-de-blasio/. Jesse Marx, “Police Used Smart Streetlight Footage to Investigate Protesters,” Voice of San Diego, June 29, 2020, https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/police-used-smart-streetlight-footage-to-investigate-protesters/. By contrast, the Court has not required a warrant or other heightened standard for police officers to take pictures of individual license plates and compare them against a law enforcement database. Any such assessment would require consideration of the ALPR’s additional costs and benefits described here. The LAPD suspended use of California’s statewide gang database after announcing audits and investigations in response to allegations that police falsified records and listed innocent people as gang members. Jessica Porter, “Aurora Police Detain Black Family after Mistaking Their Vehicle as Stolen,” ABC7 Denver, August 3, 2020. Despite these anecdotal successes, there has not been a thorough assessment of the tool’s value. 10 However, there is a risk that police departments and legislators may incorrectly propose surveillance as a neutral alternative. 20 City of Chicago Office of Inspector General, Review of the Chicago Police Department’s “Gang Database,” 2, 6. 2014) (ruling that “an unconfirmed hit on the ALPR does not, alone, form the reasonable suspicion necessary to support an investigatory detention”). Harnessing Light surveys this multitude of applications, as well as the status of the optics industry and of research and education in optics, and identifies actions that could enhance the field's contributions to society and facilitate its ... ... 21, of Livermore Falls, on charges of assault and refusal to submit to arrest or detention, 7:11 p. Large crowds gathered in Manchester, London, Nottingham and Leeds on the last day of the UK's searing 75FSearch the The Lowell Sun newspaper archive. Meanwhile, an audit by Chicago’s Office of Inspector General found that the city’s gang database contained incomplete and conflicting data, with some entries raising serious concerns about how officers “perceive and treat the people with whom they interact.” Law enforcement use of ALPR data is not limited to reads captured by departments’ own devices; many departments have contracts with vendors that grant them access to private databases containing scans from private ALPRs and from other local and federal law enforcement agencies. For example, government agencies use license plate readers to automate toll collection and for pollution research; businesses analyze ALPR location data when assessing loan applications to help verify an applicant’s listed home address or to detect commercial use of vehicles when analyzing insurance claims; and private individuals and neighborhood associations can buy ALPRs for home and neighborhood security purposes. Finally, the Court ruled that an interpretation of the Fourth Amendment called the third-party doctrine is inapplicable to historical CSLI. District 5 contains Appanoose, Boone, Davis, Grundy, Hamilton, Hardin, Jasper, Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Polk, Poweshiek, Story, Wapello, Warren, and Wayne counties. Delaware v. Prouse, 400 U.S. 648, 662 (1979). Law channels are also used by Mason City Police. footnote2_jzh8pkp footnote18_olpppg9 In cities with populations of 100,000 or more, 75 percent of police departments use ALPR systems. Carpenter thus suggests that the third-party doctrine is equally inapplicable to historical location data collected by ALPR devices. City of Chicago Office of Inspector General, Mark Bowes, “Police Recorded License Plates at Obama Inauguration,”. 23 footnote32_174g2q8 An ALPR hit is not always a sufficient basis for a stop, however. This section contains a number of recommendations for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and technology vendors. §§ 46-5-118 (establishing a ninety-day limit on the retention of license plate data collected by ALPRs); 23 Vt. Stat. footnote11_ndb1ubg However, with the growing use of automatic license plate readers (ALPRs), police can now receive alerts about a car’s movements in real time and review past movements at the touch of a button. WTS: Velocity Systems, Haley Strategic Micro, Mayflower APC, Spiritus! For example, Vigilant Solutions (owned by Motorola Solutions), a leading provider of ALPR data to police based in Livermore, California, sells access to its database of more than 5 billion license plate scans collected across the country, including 1.5 billion reads provided by law enforcement agencies. Ann. In some of the largest U.S. cities, millions of license plates are scanned over the course of a year. In addition to checking data in real time, many cities and agencies retain plate information for future use, sometimes indefinitely. So They’re Protesting in Their Cars Instead,” CNN, April 14, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/14/us/coronavirus-car-protests/index.html. Voyager Labs claims that social media posts and friend lists can predict “extremism.”. See U.S. v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276, 281 (1983); see also Cardwell v. Lewis, 417 U.S. 583, 590 (1974) (plurality opinion); Town of Woodworth, 132 So.3d 422 (La. The only limitations on this ongoing surveillance of all cars traveling a public road are the number of ALPRs and the data retention policies maintained by police or third-party vendors. footnote1_iun3eb1 Stat. For the non-commercial sales of non-firearms related items. FREE, NEW KOLACK, Alienware Alpha i7, Steam Link, Steam Controllers, Amazon Firesticks. 35 footnote13_ew8qjm1 Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014); United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012); Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. 2206. This is information that goes far beyond the legitimate need to find stolen cars or vehicles linked to AMBER Alerts. Lowellsun. This time yesterday we were catching fish and looking at the sea. Airport Euless, TX ⦠. 2010); State v. Myrick, 659 A.2d 976; Delaware v. Prouse, 400 U.S. 648, 662 (1979). The ongoing storage of this wide array of sensitive information also raises security concerns, as this information can be vulnerable to data breaches and hacking. 10 32 In Kyllo v. U.S. (2001), for instance, the Supreme Court held that police need a warrant before they can use a thermal imager to detect heat coming from a garage. See, e.g., Auditor of the State of California, Automated License Plate Readers, 1 (finding that “99.9 percent of the 320 million images Los Angeles stores are for vehicles that were not on a hot list when the image was made”). 18 footnote15_oz7n90e The devices send the data to ALPR software, which can compare each plate against a designated “hot list.” Such lists can include stolen cars and cars associated with AMBER Alerts for abducted children. DNR officers also have access to the Department of Public Safety talkgroups and will usually use those for dispatching purposes. The court applied what is commonly referred to as the “mosaic theory,” where the long-term surveillance of a person’s public movements triggers a privacy interest that could be absent with only limited or isolated monitoring. **THE MILLION COPY BESTSELLER** Sapiens showed us where we came from. In uncertain times, Homo Deus shows us where we're going. 'Homo Deus will shock you. It will entertain you. Read the rules before posting. In keeping with these doctrines, courts have regularly held that law enforcement officers may, at their discretion and without any suspicion of criminal activity, perform at least an initial check of a license plate against a law enforcement database. Summary: § 60-3206; Auditor of the State of California. See Tanvi Misra, “Who’s Tracking Your License Plate?” Bloomberg CityLab, December 6, 2018, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2018/12/automated-license-plate-readers-privacy-data-security-police/576904. See “Electronic Toll Collections: Easy System Integration for Vehicle Recognition,” Perceptics, Farragut, TN, accessed August 26, 2020, Dean, “Neighbors Are Using These Smart Cameras to Track Strangers’ Cars.”. . Similarly, when the Court analyzed the use of beeper technology in the 1980s, it distinguished limited monitoring from “twenty-four hour surveillance of any citizen in the country,” reserving the question of whether such “dragnet type law enforcement practices” merit the application of different constitutional principles. Green v. City and County of San Francisco, 751 F.3d 1039, 1045 (9th Cir. The Brennan Center works to build an America that is democratic, just, and free. Public Safety Code § 3-509(b)(1)(2)(c)(2)(ii) (establishing mandatory audits of ALPR systems). 26 Take U.S. v. Jones (2012), in which the Supreme Court held that the police need a warrant in order to install a GPS tracking device on a car and use it for extended surveillance. The receiving agency should also commit to entering into similar data sharing agreements for any downstream data sharing. ALPR technology is expanding at a rapid rate, with growing databases containing billions of license plate scans, and with governmental and private ALPR devices capturing larger swaths of cities. Found inside â Page 23Network headquarters is at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory of the University of California . ... frequencies The first radio scanner to use a microprocessor can search for and locate some 12,000 vhf and uhf frequencies in the police ... Pt. 1. Universe. Who are we? Where are we? -- pt. 2. Human immortality and future human evaluation. The proliferation of ALPR technology raises serious civil rights and civil liberties concerns. Much of this is voluntary: we cooperate with corporate surveillance because it promises us convenience, and we submit to government surveillance because it promises us protection. The result is a mass surveillance society of our own making. 22 See Cal. More recently, the Court’s application of the Fourth Amendment has evolved significantly in response to technological “innovations in surveillance tools.” 3 1989); and United States v. Matthews, 615 F.2d 1279 (10th Cir. See, e.g., “Privacy Policy for Flock Safety,” Flock Safety Group, Inc. (website), Atlanta, GA, updated February 22, 2017, Rocco Parascandola and Tina Moore, “NYPD Unveils New $40 Million Super Computer System that Uses Data from Network of Cameras, License Plate Readers and Crime Reports,”, Carol Robinson, “Birmingham Police Will Fight Crime with All-Seeing Live Technology,”, See, e.g., Shawn Musgrave, “Massachusetts Police Lack Policies for License Plate Scanners,”.
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